Hydroxyapatite as a Substrate for Bone Reconstruction

Hydroxyapatite as a Substrate for Bone Reconstruction To combat the shortcomings of autografts and allografts associated with limited availability of tissue, morbidity of the donor site, risk of disease transmission and immunogenic rejection; clinicians have started centuries ago implanting artificial materials in the body to aid and restore functioning of organs or tissues.1-6 The high incidence of morbidity, skill required to harvest bone from donor, and so many factors have been the rationale for the increase in applications of bone substitute materials.7-9 Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics produced synthetically or by processing biological substrates and is used widely and successfully for bone reconstruction. There are many natural sources for HA which include human bone, bovine bone1,2 coral3,4 chitosan5,6fish bone7and egg shell8, and so. However a concern with natural HA is risk of transmission of diseases when proper preparation is not followed to remove all protein9. Synthetic HA is more commonly used, because of easily availability, and free from disease transmission risk. HA are available as granules and blocks with different pore sizes or as injectable material. HA is osteoconductive in nature and serves as a structural scaffold for the building of new bone tissues. Several authors have suggested HA is prone to intraoral degradation or dissolution10-25 but others have shown no resorption13-22 like our case. Here we report clinical cases which showed the radiological evidence of bone formation after more than 4 years of follow up. Clinical Report 1- In our study group the Male patient aged 65 yrs had recurrent OKC on lateral part of the mandible (Figure-1) which required partial hemi mandibulectomy with disarticulation. Patient was not ready for any other modalities of reconstruction except condylar stainless steel recon plate. Considering patient age and denial for distant or free flaps, our team of doctors inspired by orthopedic replacement strategies and indigenously designed hydroxyapatite block. Which has been prepared by Biograft (IFGL Ceramics Kolkota, India) on request. This has been used for reconstruction of lateral mandibular defect distal to canine. The block fixed to stainless steel condylar plate using 26 gauze wires. (Figure-2 Figure-3)After 5 years of evaluation the patient had no complications, absorption, dislocation but very little bone formation seen radiologically (Figure -4, Figure-5 Figure-6). Clinical Report 2- The Male Patient of 20 yrs, reported to our department with swelling in anterior mandible since 8 yrs which was small initially and progressively grown to the present size.( Figure-7) Under general anesthesia the lesion has been resected leading to a mid-line defect. The patient denied for any other reconstruction options including distant flaps and free flaps because of affordability. So it is decided to have reconstruction using SS recon plate with a block graft for support. (Figure-9) In this case we are expecting connective tissue and later bone formation as the graft block is in contact with the bony edges on both sides. Clinical report 3- Case of unicystic ameloblastoma in a patient aged 55 years male crossing the midline, undergone resection and reconstruction using BBHA and SS reconstruction plate. (Figure-9 Figure-10) In this case we are expecting bony bridging between interface of the bone fragment and graft end on both midline and ramus area of mandible. Surgical Considerations: The surgeon should change gloves before handling the BBHA material because oral flora and debris previously picked up on gloves during the pre-grafting stages of surgery could contaminate the BBHA, resulting in a subsequent infection. In its initial form, BBHA is brittle and must be handled and shaped carefully so it does not inadvertently fracture, although the material becomes very strong after healing. It is important to use irrigation when cutting the individual grafts from the larger blocks with a bur and when refining the contours. BBHA grafts can be used as interpositional (inlay) grafts placed between osteotomies or as facial augmentation (onlay) grafts or for mandibular reconstruction of lateral/midline defects. They can be applied to the maxilla, mandible, chin, orbit, zygoma, nose, forehead, and cranium. Onlay grafts may require stabilization by placing bone screws through the material, as in BBHA chin or cheek onlay grafts. A lag screw/wire technique should be used with m inimal tightening to prevent fracturing of the grafts. Rigid fixation is paramount to provide the necessary stability and stress protection for the BBHA grafts to heal properly. The grafts in the maxilla should be accurately contoured and wedged in position. If there is excessive mobility between the bone segments and BBHA grafts or a functional overload, the grafts may displace or fracture. Alternatively, a significant decrease in the amount of bone growth through the implants could occur, resulting in a nonunion. A soft diet is encouraged for 3 to 4 months during the initial post-surgery healing phase to minimize loading and micro movement, thus preventing displacement, fracture, or nonunion of the grafts. The use of 4 bone plates is recommended to stabilize the maxilla, with 2 bone screws above and 2 bone screws below the level of osteotomy for each bone plate.47,48 Postsurgical displacement or fragmentation of the BHA grafts can occur as a result of the following:38 1. Inadequate rigid fixation and stress protection, 2. Improper contouring or placement of the implant into the osteotomy site, 3. Parafunctional habits (i.e., clenching, bruxism), 4. Poor patient compliance, 5. Trauma. Discussion: The use of bone graft material both particulate12,14,16,18,19,21,38-40,54and block graft13,15,17, 19,20,22,23,41 studied in humans and animals. The majority of animal studies found bone formation within graft material10,11,18,42-51 and others reported connective tissue formation.43,52,53 The human studies reported formation of bone 12-17,29-32,37-40,54 and others reported connective tissue surrounding HA particles.18,19,29 Long-term retention biocompatibility of BHA has been established fact in orthognathic and craniofacial surgery.50 Histologic studies29,30,35 and a long-term clinical study demonstrate good biologic acceptance of the grafts in association with the maxillary sinus. The immobility of HA is crucial factor for initial healing20 as mobile particles induce connective tissue formation and immobile foster bone formation. Wolford et al. introduced the use of porous BHA as a bone graft substitute in orthognathic and craniofacial surgery.30 Rosen and Ackerman reported complication rate of 4.3% after a follow-up period of 6 to 20 months in orthognathic surgical BHA grafting48,49 Ayers et al17 Holmes et al31 and Nunes et al.16 demonstrated an average composition of 48.5-53% hydroxyapatite matrix, 18-27% bone, and 33.5-21% soft tissue in BBHA grafts through histomorphometry after 4.7 to 16.4, mean 19.1 months respectively with biopsies of BBHA grafts which were used in corrective jaw surgery in patients. The composition of the adjacent normal maxillary and mandibular bone averaged 66.5% bone and 33.5% soft tissue, indicating that the ratio of hydroxyapatite/bone to soft tissue/vascular space is equivalent to normal bone.17 The study also demonstrated that bone growth through the BBHA grafts was essentially complete in 4 months, with further progression of the healing process resulting in maturation of the ingrown bone. The grafts had less soft tissue than the adjacent bone (30% soft tissue) and bone contact over 60% of their surfaces which is a near-balance between the BBHA grafts and surrounding bone.16 There was no significant difference in micro hardness values between the bone in the BHA grafts and the adjacent maxillary bone.17 Bone ingrowth appeared to plateau at around 20 months, reaching an equilibrium in which the relative amount of osseous tissue remained constant. 17 Different theories proposed on the mechanism of bone formation. Early vascularization followed by connective tissue formation16,43,44 bone gradually inserted around the HA particles21,43,44 and non-inducing creeping substitution21,22 also proposed. Very recently the bone induction has been seen with nano-crystalline HA. The use of BBHA as an alloplastic grafting material has several advantages over other types of grafts: no donor site morbidity is involved, adjacent bone will not be resorbed, there is no known hypersensitivity or immune response, the substance is easily manipulated, there are no working time constraints, surgical time is decreased, blood loss is decreased, the volume is unlimited, and healing is faster resulting in a shorter recovery time. Interpositional bone grafting is indicated in orthognathic surgery to provide bony continuity, improve healing, improve stability, decrease surgical relapse in traditionally unfavorable jaw repositioning movements during orthognath ic surgical procedures. This type of reconstruction options will increase the survival rate and lesser morbidity. The incorporation of autogeneous bone, platelet rich plasma, rhBMP-2 showed good bone formation.50 The studies have shown hydroxyapatite is osteoinductive.51,52 Recently studies have shown use of Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor ÃŽ ² (TGF-ÃŽ ²), BMP, and stem cells in bone regeneration.50 The BBHA will provide structural architecture for BMP to achieve better and earlier function. These laboratory concepts were regarded a visionary a few years ago, but now they reached clinical reality.53-59 Our report is milestone in reconstruction of continuity defects of mandible. Hydroxyapatite is a versatile biocompatible graft substitute that does not cause any chronic inflammatory, allergic, or toxic reaction. Results of both densitometric and radiographic studies suggested that the use of synthetic hydroxyapatite graft material has the potential to accelerate bone formation in an economical way.60-63 Conclusion: The primary aim of the reconstruction was to have a proper face form, aesthetics and structural balance for face which has been achieved in a very economical way. Our plan to have implant supported prosthesis in the HA blocks in near future for these patients is planned. This type of reconstruction with indigenously designed and prepared block graft can suffice the aim and objective of successful reconstruction which is a viable modality economical. No clinical signs of pathosis were identified around the graft, no infection or discomfort was elicited upon palpation.

Alaska vs Florida

Alaska is different from Florida in several ways such as the time zones. In Alaska the time is four hours behind the time in Florida. Another way they are different is in the place that they are on a map. Alaska is in the North West and Florida is in the South East. These two places also differ in climate. In Alaska the climate is cold, while in Florida there is a tropical climate. Along with different climates come different temperatures.In Alaska the normal temperature in the summer is about fifty degrees Fahrenheit. In Florida the normal temperature is about ninety. In Alaska the sky has constant darkness for about three months, but in Florida there is normal daylight. Alaska is also different from Florida by the size. Alaska is larger that Florida in land mass. Florida has a greater population than Alaska, however. Alaska allows you to get your learner’s permit to drive when you turn fourteen.Florida allows you to get your learner’s permit at the age of fifteen. The last ways that these two states differ are the natural resources. In Alaska the natural resources are gold, fish, and fur. On the other hand, in Florida the natural recourses are oranges, sugar cane, seafood, cows, the ocean, and natural spring water. Although these states have many differences, they also have some similarities. Both Alaska and Florida are states in the United States.Florida and Alaska are also both peninsulas, a land that is almost completely surrounded by water but connected to the mainland. Both of these places have many fun things to do. In Alaska you can ski, ice skate, play ice hockey, snowboard, or go sledding because most of the year there is snow on the ground. In Florida you can go to the beach, go surfing, play volleyball, go to the boardwalk, or go to Disney World.

A Significant Person Essay

Significant Person Mother Teresa is one of the most admired women in the world. She dedicated every day of her adult life to caring for and loving the dying, the unwanted and the unloved. Her spirit of giving inspired many people. There were those who gave up their lives as she had to follow her and others who helped in different ways, for example, giving her the Kali Temple to be used as a home for the dying. The effect Mother Teresa had on the people she came in contact with and the world is one of the most intriguing things about her. But what was it about Mother Teresa that made people stop and listen? How did such a tiny women touch the hearts and lives of so many people? Mother Teresa’s dedication to God and the church is what I feel made her so great. Everything she did in her life was for God. One of the first instances that made me really stop for a second was Mother Teresa’s second calling. It was not the calling itself so much as how she handled herself in the following events. She was so dedicated to the church and her vows that she waited two years before she was able to be released from her vows to go off into the world to serve the poorest of the poor. She went through all the proper and necessary steps in the church to get what she believed was her calling. Mother Teresa did not leave the church for selfish reasons, nor did she just get up and leave one day. She had too much respect and devotion to the church to be able to do something like that. Mother Teresa put all her faith into God and believed that he would provide her with what she needed. All throughout her years on the streets of Calcutta, Mother Teresa never asked for money. She knew that all she needed was her faith. For me, I find that aspect of her remarkable. How someone can have so much faith that they would go out with nothing but 5 rupees amazes me. And the best part of the whole story is that God does come through and provide her with everything she needs. She called it â€Å"divine providence† because she never asked, however things like money, helpers and buildings became available to her. In her interview with Muggeridge she said, â€Å"Faith is a gift of God. Without it there would be no life. And our work, to be fruitful and to be all for God, and beautiful, has to be built on faith. † Her faith is why she always began each day with prayers, meditation and Mass. I see this as her time to be one on one with God and receive the strength she needed to serve the Lord each day. Many people go to church each week, however never truly experience God the way Mother Teresa did. She was truly able to see him in everything she did and everyone she came into contact with. While I personally would have a hard time seeing Christ in people I come into contact with, Mother Teresa did. I have never been a very religious person, but reading and learning about Mother Teresa’s life and accomplishments makes a total believer out of me that there is something greater and if we just have faith things will work out. With gods help, one small woman, in a simple white cotton sari, who did not bother with reports and theories, simply went out into the world and changed the lives of millions.

The Giver, By Lois Lowry - 1628 Words

Elvis Presley once said, â€Å"Truth is like the sun. You can shut it out for a time, but it ain t goin away.† Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave relates to this quote by focusing on the truths of reality that humans do not comprehend. We think that we understand what we are seeing in our world, but we really just perceive shadows of the true forms of the things that make up the world. We are ignorant about the true nature of reality. The novel, The Giver, by Lois Lowry also involves these concepts. The main character, Jonas, lives in a community of conformity and conflict. When he begins to spend time and train with The Giver, an old man who is the only keeper of the community s memories, Jonas discovers the unsafe truths of his community s secret past. Once Jonas discovers the reality about his community, it constantly pesters him until he makes an important decision. Jonas realizes that he must escape from his world in order to make a long needed change for his commun ity. As the prisoner from The Allegory of the Cave seeks knowledge outside of the cave, Jonas from The Giver discovers dark and deadly truths of his community’s secret past that will change his life forever. The corrupt community from The Giver parallels the ignorant prisoners’ experience trapped in the shadows of their cave. In Plato’s theory, the cave represents people who have a false understanding of reality in society. The cave shows that believers of purely first-hand evidence are trapped in a â€Å"cave† ofShow MoreRelatedThe Giver by Lois Lowry869 Words   |  3 Pagesbeing ourselves and expressing who each of us are to the world. However, in the book The Giver by Lois Lowry, everyone is raised to count on one another and everyone must look and act the same. Our society differs from Jonas’s in many ways, such as the family units, birthdays, and the way we each learn about our past. In the book The Giver, our society and Jonas’s differ in terms of the family units. On page 8, Jonas’s motherRead MoreThe Giver By Lois Lowry940 Words   |  4 PagesLois Lowry’s 1993 young adult novel â€Å"The Giver† captured audiences worldwide with its fascinating characters and dystopian society. The book was long due a film adaption, which finally came in 2014 from director Phillip Noyce. While critics remained mixed about the film itself, the movie offers a decent adaption of its source material, keeping in mind its original themes of pain, pleasure, and memory, but strays away in certain areas. Both the film and novel carry the same themes that have madeRead MoreThe Giver, By Lois Lowry1796 Words   |  8 Pages Memories need to be shared,† words from Lois Lowry in her book The Giver (154). The Giver focuses on the protagonist, Jonas and the world he lives in. In his community everything is perfect and under control, avoiding war, fear or pain. The people are forbidden to make their own decisions as they’re made for them by the community. Throughout the book, Jonas learns the truth on how they are living and his feelings turn. In The Giver, written by Lois Lowry, the theme of the significance of sharingRead MoreThe Giver By Lois Lowry1949 Words   |  8 Pagesbeliefs or personal values that they insist on imposing over the surrounding community. Such is the case with Lois Lowry s The Giver, a fictional story of a society without emotions, arguments, or differences amongst people, where equality is the ultimate goal. The story revolves around 12-year-old Jona s, who is chosen to become the Receiver of Memories, which would be given to him by the Giver, a historian of humanity s past. His lessons force him to confront feelings for the first time and the growingRead MoreThe Giver By Lois Lowry784 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: The Giver Author: Lois Lowry Illustrator: No illustrator Genre: The genre of the book is scientific fiction. It is scientific fiction because Lois Lowry made a setting where everything is unusual than the things we do now. There are birthmothers, rarely Receivers of Memory ( which Jonas turns out to be ), and other special jobs in the community center. Point of View: The point of view in the story is third person because if there was a first person, the narrator ( which is a person that isRead MoreThe Giver By Lois Lowry884 Words   |  4 PagesGiver Essay Agustin Fitipaldi Bervejillo In the book The Giver, by Lois Lowry. The main character Jonas is not like others in his utopian community. He is a normal 12 year old boy and is living in the same old community of sameness. Until one day he gets selected to be the Receiver of Memory and begins to experience things on a different way because of the memories being transmitted to him. As the changes become more evident, Jonas begins to see flawsRead MoreThe Giver By Lois Lowry1334 Words   |  6 Pages Ella Smailn How has the character Jonas from Lois Lowry s book The Giver developed over the course of the novel? Word count: 1311 Louis Lowry’s The Giver, written in 1993 is a captivating, prize-winning novel. It is set in a community, which is first presented as the perfect world, an utopian society. The novel follows a boy called Jonas, who as the novel progresses sees the utopia more like a dystopian. This community has eliminated any pain the society would have byRead MoreThe Giver by Lois Lowry959 Words   |  4 PagesThe giver by Lois Lowry was an interesting book to say the least. In the beginning you are lead to believe these are normal kids and characters, possibly in the future, but in pretty much the same state of mind as our definition of â€Å"human† today. As the book goes on, you are slowly let in on details, like the characters can not see color, and that the parents are not biological parents, and everything is organized and decided for the characters in the book. The author did a great job of slowly bringingRead MoreThe Giver By Lois Lowry1554 Words   |  7 PagesBlock 6 Second Independent Project: Book Report 10/5/14 The Giver In this essay, I am going to report about the book The Giver by Lois Lowry. Jonas, a twelve-year-old boy, is the main character of the book. The book describes a seemingly indestructible society, with absolute order and rules. Jonas happens to be chosen as the next Receiver of Memory on his twelve year old ceremony. After receiving part of the memories from the The Giver and discovering the truth behind this â€Å"perfect† community, heRead MoreThe Giver By Lois Lowry1313 Words   |  6 Pagesis no pain, no prejudice, no emotion, and no detestation. Lois Lowry gives a vivid description of a community where everything is equal, everyone is just as important as another, and life choices are made by only one individual. In the book The giver by Lois Lowry, it expresses the exact opposite of Marx’s most important ideas which is a prime example of what people will do if they were forced to live a certain way. In the book The Giver, it tells the story of a perfect world. Everyone there is happy

Things You Should Know About Essay Topics for Scarlet Letter

Things You Should Know About Essay Topics for Scarlet Letter The Principles of Essay Topics for Scarlet Letter That You Can Learn From Starting Today It's also essential to note that the A is the sole way that the colonialists decide to crime and punishment to the criminals in the society. To the bulk of society, men are superior in nearly every aspect. Naturally, the Puritan authorities aren't happy with Pearl's behavior and wish to take her from Hester. For Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale, it's a spot of all-natural laws and an area of escape. The essay is a 3 part contest on the subject of peaceful civic action and global peacemaking. Irony plays an important role in the full story since the condemner is actually the condemned. The story begins with, If you truly need to hear about it, the very first thing you will likely wish to understand is (Salinger 1). A theme is understood to be the principal notion of a story. To secure better at writing, you want to improve at reading. Reading example essays works exactly the same way! Children play a number of roles within this novel. Enjoying an excellent read is 1 thing. The Ultimate Essay Topics for Scarlet Letter Trick When you get your completed essay, be sure you tell all your friends what a wonderful service it is and what's the perfect place to obtain cheap essays. Examine using sunlight and shade in these types of chapters. Suggested essay topics and project suggestions for animal farm portion of a thorough lesson plan by bookragscom. As a lifelong learner, reading is likewise very crucial as it's a fantastic means to educate myself and boost my vocabulary too. As a result, if you're somebody who is confused about essay writing, then it's advised to you all that, before you commence writing any essay, go through the instruction. My knowledge is also increased when I began to read a growing number of books. Remember you need to have some understanding of the topic you're writing about. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Essay Topics for Scarlet Letter Generalizations Avoiding general statements or generalizations is a significant tool to produce a potent statement. You would then have to supply an argument which demonstrates that a distinct mind-independent moral obligation exists. You would have to first provide an argument for the presence of mind-independent moral obligations. Formulate a conclusion regarding the exact same. In that instance, you may want to assume the presence of God in your opening paragraph rather than spending several pages providing an argument for the presence of God. The very first portion of making this kind of argument is normally establishing that we have a tendency to care about and sympathize with different humans. In order to prove that your claim is accurate, you may have to construct your argument in steps. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you may wish to argue is an excellent start. Letters in this way are utilized to inform someone about a meeting that is going to be hipping at a specific time and day and where it is going to be at. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. The student may also find important information on the topic of test centres and test updates. Clean writing is the easiest way for somebody to notice decent work. Basically however, the concept is to r efrain from making assumptions that very few or no acceptable men and women would make. Many people don't comprehend her. No matter how much you'll be taking that day, there are a few ways that can help you get through the essay with a very low quantity of stress.

Coral Away Essay - 1723 Words

The play Away by Michael Gow shoes the character of Coral to be in need of change in her distinctive world. Discuss how this applies to the play. Michael Gow’s play â€Å"Away† presents Coral as a character that is in urgent need to undergo profound change. At the introduction of the play, Coral is introduced to the audience as an emotionally unstable and isolated character. Through the use of stage directions, â€Å"Coral doesn’t respond†, it is clear that Coral is in her own distinctive world and alienated from society unable to deal with the real world. However, at the conclusion of the play, Coral is presented to be no longer absorbed in her own grief by being able to finally accept her son’s death and express her emotions with her husband,†¦show more content†¦At the beginning of the scene, we view Coral engaging in conversation with Leonie, another resident at the Hotel. The dialogue reveals a conversation that is unstable and awkward. Coral starts to become overpowering and questioning by asking, â€Å"Isn’t hard making contact with other people in this kind of place? Everyone’s enjoying themselves but, I don’t know, I feel it’s a bit forced, do you feel that? Are you really enjoying yourself? Or are you only pretending. To please your husband, perhaps?† The stage directions allow the audience to see that Leonie is â€Å"almost in tears† and asks â€Å"Why are you staring like that?† Coral ignores her questions and remarks and continues to question the woman. Corals language is clichà © and proves she is still not coping. Coral starts to scare Leonie where she says â€Å"Let me go, please, I want to go† reinforcing Corals inability to make contact and communicate with other people and her lack of social skills. Rather than talking to the woman she starts to override the conversation and become overwhelming revealing her isolation and alienation. Coral continues to ignore the woman’s pleads to leave and Leonie begins to â€Å"struggle† and starts â€Å"crying† sobbing, â€Å"I want to go in. I’m hungry. Let me go†. This shows Coral is unable to concentrate on her own issues and decides to force herself upon someone else’s problems in order to take away her own pain. Coral then meets another important character named Rick. Rick uses short sentences andShow MoreRelated Bleaching Away the Beauty of Coral Reefs Essay2308 Words   |  10 Pagesstart surveying the coral reefs around you, something catches your eye. The coral has turned white, and no longer moves with life. This whiteness seems to have spread over a large area of the reef. You no longer see the colorful branches swaying in the current, or the schools of tropical fish swimming through the leaves. This death-ridden reef will never have the same life it once had. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This phenomenon is known as coral reef bleaching. This makes corals unattractive andRead MoreBelonging Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages‘Belonging’ Essay To a certain extent the different groups we belong to define who we are, however there are times when a certain group can separate you from belonging. Being accepted within a group defines who you are as you share similar qualities and morals, making it easier to be socially accepted and create relationships. On the other hand, you can physically belong to a group but not always emotionally belong as your individual beliefs create a barrier to belong. ‘Belonging’ is defined asRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Reefing1615 Words   |  7 Pagesmost expensive hobby conceivable, but, that’s exactly what I did. The reefing hobby is both challenging, and extremely rewarding. There are many daily, weekly, monthly, and even annual tasks that must be done to maintain a thriving system. In this essay I hope to give an understanding of what it’s like to keep a piece of God’s majestic ocean in my home. My current system is 300 gallons in total water volume. It towers in the corner of my living room, dwarfing everything in its presence. The wallRead MoreThe Ocean Of The Sea1496 Words   |  6 Pagesyou? Well this essay is about my fascination and what I know and how a came to understand the ocean. The ocean is a very mysterious, beautiful place where anything can happen at any time and to understand it one must pay close attention to it a research and that s exact what I did. A tide is the rise and fall of the water in the ocean. This is caused by four aspects the moon, the sun, gravity, and the rotation of the earth. The ocean has many types of ecosystems as well, such as coral reefs, abyssalRead MoreGlobal Warming: Why Its the Governments Job to Halt a Perfectly Natural Phenomenon1584 Words   |  7 Pagesexperienced in almost every part of the world. This essay will review the literature that is available on the definition of Global warming, the causes of global warming, effects of global warming on the community and nations, what the government is doing to stop global warming, as well as what Non-Governmental Organizations or Non-State Organizations are doing to stop global warming and finally what should be done to stop global warming. The essay will also review the impact of global warming andRead MoreGlobal Warming1050 Words   |  5 PagesTake a position: Global warming is a real problem. 1000 word Essay. Using persuasive technique Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth’s surface. Since the late 1800’s, the global average temperature has increased about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8degree C). Climate change is happening and its effects are real. However, the larger the change in climate, the more negative the consequences will become. Global warming will make life harder for mostRead MoreMy Mistress s Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun, When Love Arrives1516 Words   |  7 PagesBao Tran ENGL-1102 Professor Arroyo November 17, 2015 Essay 2 Although the topic of romance has long been the outlet for poems and songs, the pursuit of love is written into human nature; humans are naturally attracted to the theme of romance because they pursue it throughout their entire lives. Poets and writers often use creativity to express their ideas in a unique way that makes it stand out over the other. Poetry and song involve an abundance of creativity and wordplay to produce an imageRead MorePotiential Future Effects of Global Warming1834 Words   |  7 Pagesand stresses on coastal zones seriously affect the economy and living conditions away from them. That is the reason why it is so important to find the effectual mix of mitigation and solutions for adapting to climate change that could prevent or at least limit the overall effect. This essay is a general review of the impact of climate change on coastal areas and small island destinations. The aim of this essay is to provide some information about the methods of adaptation and mitigation ImpactRead MoreThe Bloodiest Battle By William Manchester1245 Words   |  5 Pagesutilizes personal war-stories throughout the essay to portray not only the challenging hardships of war but the vivid descriptions of human-to-human annihilation, and how that affected him emotionally. Manchester’s purpose was to show the audience that two countries (America and Japan) could make peace, but the individuals who fought it still struggle, including himself. He portrays the idea that there is more behind the victory of the war. Throughout the essay, Manchester reminisces about the battleRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Serious Problem Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pageseffect their way of life. Some marine life that are starting to be effecting by global warming are coral and different fish species. Coral bleaching is one of the biggest issues when it comes to marine life. â€Å"Recent years have seen widespread severe coral bleaching episodes around the world, with coral mortality reaching 70% in some regions.† (Marine problems: climate change) Fish are migrating away from where they were once living because of the change in the temperature of the water that they once

Customer Satisfaction of Apple Store in Australia

Question: Discuss about theCustomer Satisfaction of Apple Store in Australia. Answer: Introduction For this research paper the principle agenda is for illustrating the customer satisfaction significance of Apple store in the retail industry of Australia. This retail industry is highly competitive field, being capable for fulfilling the customers demand and expectations that will become most important element in order for getting the profit margin and sustainable growth. (Bateson, 2011) In this research paper we will try to analyze and study the measures that are taken by the Apple stores in Australia for satisfying the customers requirements. This will establish the customer satisfaction role which plays important part for Apple Stores success. Previously also various researches done in the similar field, from this paper it will increase the importance knowledge of the customer satisfaction in industry growth. In world, Apple is the leading multinational organization, whose base is there is U.S. and company has boost all over world around 360 retail stores. Its prime force for the success is based on the large customer base. Customer satisfaction is the tool which improves the reputation and sales of the organizations. For driving the customer feedback communication is the significant part so that company can capture both their negative and positive feedback which will help organization understands what the changes that need to implement. With the satisfied customers there comes loyal customers and with the loyal customers to any organization we can expect increase in their sales in future. There are whole departments that are based on customer satisfaction services to boost brand loyalty amongst customers. Aim The project aim is for establishing the significance and importance of the customer satisfaction for the organization profit and sustainable growth. Therefore, in order for establishing different policies related to customer satisfaction of Apple retail stores in Australia. This research aim is for establishing how inability is providing the desired satisfaction to customers and can take the severe toll for the organization on the base of the customer. Objective Below are the objectives which are carrying out behind this research: For studying the business model executed in the Australias Apple store from past various years For collecting various figures and facts about the Australias Apple store For analyzing the customer satisfaction services and policies that was taken by Australias Apple store Recognition of principles causes for the customer dissatisfaction and satisfaction In the retail industry assesses the customer satisfaction role. Examine the effect of product quality on customer satisfaction Examine various technological innovation based on the customer satisfaction. Provide gaps which are the major hurdle in Apple store. (Fornell, 2004) Literature Review In research first phase, we have collected the secondary data once the elaboration of the research done and thus study about Australias Apple retail store. This secondary information will give the entire conceptual framework for the case study and whole research. This whole study about collection of secondary data will be instrumental and in huge way in framing various questions and surveys which will help in acquiring the primary information for the research, significant for fulfilling the research aims. The whole research which was done is conducted in the organized manner and in systematic way with every research aspect which has been properly planned, correct choices are selected and there will be smooth implementation which enables the organization for establishing the customer satisfaction. This is the backbone of various organizations development and growth. We can understand that the above research is not that much generalized as it has to be, but we will collect data from all the Apple stores that are there is Australia and try to make the conclusion in much generalized form. The organization will never expect the customers which are dissatisfied to come back and become their loyal customers and buy any new products. Apple has customers in audiences of all ages from pre teen, teens to adults and also businessmen. With such a large target market is has done a great job in maintaining its customer satisfaction rating as well as living up to the high expectations of its customer s. Reviewed the literature for research implementation and case study related to the retail store of Apple mainly contains: Organization conscious effort for avoiding everything and each which can cause customers dissatisfaction Efficiency for executing the policy in attaining the desired satisfaction of customer The policies that actually execute in order for gaining the satisfaction of customer The development and research which was carried out by organization in order for formulate the service and marketing policy that will able for meeting the customers demand. The customers demand and expectations for the retail stores of Apple. (Hubbert, 2004) Technological Innovation The satisfaction of customer is based on the experience of the customer. The product should provide best experience to their customers and make sure that they expressed fully about the product. Apple Company has success in building customer satisfaction and they are the one who brings revolution in field of computer gadgets and electronics. For gaining more of the customers, organizations have to keep in mind that the price of the products should be suitable for them. The organizations have 14 days return policies, but there are some companies whose return policies extended to 21 days. It is very prominent that Apple is highly popular with its audiences and has done an impressive job in making its name in the markets, with the highest customer satisfaction rating recorded. Customers will be waiting for the new launch of the Apple product and they are willing for paying the huge prices for their products. (Wagner, 2001) Gaps Apple is the top company who has given its customers quality in the reliability, services and products. The major issue in Apple is to have backup of the data. There are various user complaints regarding backup of the data on the devices of Apple. If the backup was not done on time, then user can lose their primary information. Apple requires for improving their technology so that they can deal with connection problems especially with the wireless network connections. Another issue with the Apple devices is of security. Jailbreak tool which relies totally on vulnerabilities in current Apple devices can use loaded with the help of standard functions. Due to this Apple devices can be hacked easily by using this code and can download many softwares which are not approved by Apple. Another problem is based on unsavory practices and child labor. Apple provides employment to various underage workers, which result in impacting their reputations. Other gap is about product hardware prices. The battery prices of Apple devices are the cost of iPhone. (Gauch, 2003) Research Questions In this section we will discuss various methods or approaches that will get used for conducting the research along with research questions. This research is conducted for obtaining the correct and best outcome from it and also the fruitful result for improving the knowledge about significance of customer satisfaction in organization profit and growth of business. The classification process contains secondary and primary data and all ethical rights that are needed for conducting such research. The major questions that are related in this study are as below: What is the significance of the customer satisfaction in the business development and growth? What are the business policies that are adapted by the Australias Apple stores for conducting the operations? For marketing their products what are the business policies that are adapted by the Australias Apple store? In past some years, at what rate the Apple stores business is growing? Hypothesis The foremost thing that is needed in the research process is giving the accurate reason behind conducting the research that is desired, and also the advantages it has. Here, we did lot of analysis on the impact of customer satisfaction on increment of organization profit and sustainable growth. It will give close insights in growth of business and policies for multinational company such as Apple who would improve the whole concept. It will also enable the things which will lead to customers dissatisfaction thus hampering the organization development. Thus, this research with details of Apple retail stores in Australia will get instrumental in enhancing the knowledge and provide customer satisfaction importance on business growth and profit. (Chiou, 2006) Product Quality One of the researches done on Apple store stated that this organization has huge numbers of customers are there who are satisfied. Thus, this is the real reason for their success and not that they have huge number which are obsessive and devoted towards organization or product. The main reason behind this customer satisfaction is that they build the products which are very user friendly and the use of the product is very easy. Services The most significant part of the Apples strategy is for creating the bond with the customers by focusing more on usability rather than technology. These phones are very users friendly and thus do not need any manual with instructions on how to use them. The sale of the organization is increasing day by day as their soaring rate is increasing and also the ratings is getting better for customer satisfaction. Research Design This is most important part of research which contains the whole research planning. This research design has to be crafted with utmost specification and skill for making the whole process work, worthy and easy to get carried out. Below is the formulation of whole framework that contains: Action research this is the policy which will followed the line of work and found any problem occurred while research conduction would solved instantaneously Documentation evidence all the evidences are recorded in research support Observation The research success will depend on the things we observe during research course Interview Interviews are conducted for collecting the primary information Sampling technique selection It is very essential to select the proper technique so that the result of the research will be beneficial Sampling This is taken from Apple stores customers and staff to get the idea about relationship among company and customer First thought drafting The primary thought which come should get drafted as the improvisation will outcome in ultimate design of the research. (Taylor, 2003) Data This is the principle element that is needed in the research, the result will totally dependent on the analysis and collection of data during research course. Collection of Data Here, we are giving approaches for collecting primary data: Grounded theory if any of this value found, then it will be added in the primary data collection and will help in research study and execution Phenomenology This is conducted for observing how development, research, feedback and experience molded the business structure and policies related to Australias Apple Store Experiments Few experiments are also conducted as per the research to get more specific and accurate data which will help in research cause Ethnography This is used for collecting and observing customers data on minute analysis and view how this will play important role for planning the marketing strategy and business models for the retail stores of Apple. (Homburg, 2006) Sampling and Surveys Once the population of research got selected; surveys will be conducted for collecting the primary data and thus need accurate result by establishing the primary agenda. Case Study We have taken the topic as customer satisfaction for Apple stores in Australia as it is based on banking section and they mainly dependent on the satisfaction of customer The whole of the primary data is further classified into two sections: Quantitative Data The data which is collected by conducting various surveys on knowing how the customers are satisfied on Apple Store in Australia Qualitative data The primary data which is collected by interviewing the customers and staff of Apple stores on policies and significance of the customer satisfaction. (Babbie, 2009) Analysis of Data Analysis aim: The major objective for analyzing the data is to get the answers for all research questions which will support in establishing the research aim. Quantitative technique for data analysis: This quantitative data will be needed for analyzing on how policies related to customer on Apple store in Australia will satisfy their customers. Preservation for validity of data is very important for this technique. This analysis can be done by various techniques such as Charts and Graphs For the detailed study and for acquiring the data this technique can be used. Mode, median and mean This technique can be executed for analysis of the primary data that is collected. Qualitative techniques for data analysis: below are the various techniques which we can use here: Findings and recording the source analysis Here, research findings and source data acquisition are analyzed for findings whether the data is valid and generalized. Analysis of content This is mainly focused on research content and has no influence of whether the data on research is valid and generalized or not. Discoursed analysis This is used for analyzing the quantitative data on various parameters which will help in giving the sophisticated data explanation. Narrative analysis Here, we will analyze data based on its relevance and philosophy as they are easy for execution the quotient. (Creswell, 2008) Gantt Chart Research Outcomes In this section, we will obtain the outcome that is based on data analysis that is done on the data which is obtained from interviews and surveys that is done on Apple store customers and staff. The outcome of the analysis will help in making the research successful and also help in answering the questions raised in the research. Any research success will depend on below three things: Findings validity Reliability of the findings The research findings has to be very generalized This research is conducted on limited territory of Australia and that is too Apple Stores, thus we can cannot say that this research is generalized as per above success level. The findings done on the research is valid only as collection of data will be available from various sources in Australia to find the customer satisfaction for Apple stores. (Lincoln, 2000) Conclusion This is not any kind of the research but just the framework for the proposed research. So, is the above proposed proposal found to be very suitable then the above research will be carried out as per given framework for successfully completion of the research. Also, make sure aims should be used for this research which was decided earlier. The above proposed research was efficiently establishing the customer satisfaction significance in the organization increment in profit, development and sustainable growth. The marvelous success tales are already scripted by Apple because it is already the banking organization and fully satisfied the base of the customer that proves to get the perfect specimen for the provided case study. Thus, in this research we will study the policies that are related to retail stores of Apple that are located in Australia and thus we will collect primary data about the services. Also, tell how these services are responsible for satisfying the customer to their fullest and increase the count of the customers. This will result in expansion of the growth of the business. (Kucukosmanoglu, 2010) References Fornell, C. (2004).A Customer Satisfaction Research Prospectus.In R.T. Rust R.L. Oliver (eds.), Service Quality: New Directions in Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Bateson, J. (2011).Understanding Services Consumer Behavior.New York: American Management Association. Hubbert, A. (2004).Encounter Satisfaction Versus Overall Satisfaction Versus Quality.Sage. Chiou, J. (2006). The Reliability of Difference Scores: A Re-Examination.Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior. Wagner, J. (2001). A Model of Customer Satisfaction with Service Encounters Involving Failure and Recovery.Journal of Marketing Research. Taylor, S. (2003). Consumer Satisfaction with Marketing Education: Extending Services Theory to Academic Practice.,Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior. Babbie, E. (2009). The Practice of Social Research.12th edition. Wadsworth Publishing. Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Lincoln, Y. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research.CA: Thousand Oaks. Gauch, G. (2003). Scientific method in practice. Homburg, Christian, Nicole Koschate, and Wayne D. Hoyer. (2006), "The role of cognition and affect in the formation of customer satisfaction: a dynamic perspective." Journal of Marketing 70.3: 21-31 Kucukosmanoglu, A. N.; Sensoy E. (2010). "Customer Satisfaction: A Central Phenomenon in Marketing",https://www.academia.edu/1977823/customer_satisfaction_a_central_phenomenon_in_marketing